O Que É Ato Discricionário? (Com exemplos)

Por
Pedro Santos
-
503
4264

O Que É Ato Discricionário? Você sabe? Para não perder o costume, vejamos as classificações dos atos administrativos – e justamente sintonizar com o tema em questão.

Classificações dos atos:

1- Liberdade ou Regramento: Discricionários ou vinculados

2- Objeto, prerrogativa ou posição jurídica: Império, gestão, expediente.

3- Destinatário: Gerais e individuais

4- Vontade: Unilateral e bilateral

5- Alcance: Externo e interno

6- Efeitos: Constitutivos e declaratórios

7- Formação de Vontade: simples, complexo, composto

8- Quanto aos resultados: Restritivos e ampliativos

Como você, muito provavelmente, já deve ter percebido, a palavra discricionário vem de discricionariedade. Trocando em miúdos, nos referimos à margem de liberdade que o Poder Público tem para decidir e agir. Veja que eu disse margem de liberdade – visto que não é oba-oba. Tudo deve estar calcado na lei para que não criemos um clima de tirania. A ideia aqui é surfar no binômio conveniência e oportunidade.

Todo ato administrativo é regido pelos requisitos: competência, forma, finalidade, motivo e objeto.

No ato vinculado, todos (eu disse todos) esses requisitos estão previstos em lei. No ato discricionário, apenas o motivo e objeto é que não constam descritos na lei. Está aí a margem de liberdade para o gestor público.

Vejamos algumas questões da FCC e CEBRASPE para assentar as ideias no lugar certo.

FCC (2018):

QUESTÃO CERTA: Os atos administrativos veiculam manifestações de vontade da Administração pública de diversas naturezas, podendo conceder e extinguir direitos ou apenas reconhecê-los. No exercício dessas funções, pode variar a margem de liberdade decisória conferida à Administração pública pela lei, o que permite analisar se o ato é discricionário, que possibilita ao administrador, na análise do caso concreto e sem se afastar da previsão legal, exercer juízo de conveniência e oportunidade.

FGV (2018):

QUESTÃO CERTA: Presidente do Tribunal de Justiça determinou de ofício a remoção de Maria, ocupante estável do cargo efetivo de Técnico Judiciário, da Vara Criminal da Capital, para Vara Cível de comarca do interior do Estado. O ato foi motivado em recente estudo sobre o volume de trabalho em todos os órgãos judiciais, que demonstrou sobrecarga de trabalho na citada Vara Cível. Inconformada, Maria impetrou mandado de segurança, alegando que possui um filho de 8 anos matriculado em escola da capital. O pleito de Maria: não merece prosperar, pois a remoção é ato administrativo discricionário, e foi devidamente demonstrado o interesse público, não havendo violação à legalidade.

Em termos de jurisdição, é defeso (proibido) ao Poder Judiciário apreciar o mérito do ato administrativo, cabendo-lhe apenas analisar os aspectos de legalidade, não podendo averiguar a conveniência e oportunidade, a qual pertence e foi outorgado tão somente ao administrador público.

CEBRASPE (2018):

QUESTÃO CERTA: A finalidade que um ato administrativo deve alcançar é determinada pela lei, inexistindo, nesse aspecto, liberdade de opção para a autoridade administrativa.

Exemplo: Se a lei coloca a demissão entre os atos punitivos, não poderá ser utilizada com finalidade diversa da punição.

No ato dicionário, dos requisitos competência, forma, finalidade, motivo e objeto, apenas o motivo e objeto é que são discricionários.

CEBRASPE (2017):

QUESTÃO CERTA: Quanto à discricionariedade dos atos administrativos, entende-se por oportunidade a avaliação do momento em que determinada providência deverá ser adotada.

CEBRASPE (2012):

QUESTÃO ERRADA: Os atos discricionários praticados pela administração pública submetem-se ao controle do Poder Judiciário, tanto sob o aspecto da legalidade como sob o da moralidade.

Da legalidade sim, da moralidade não.

CETRO (2013):

QUESTÃO ERRADA: Os atos discricionários seguem os mesmos elementos dos atos vinculados em relação ao motivo e objeto.

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Negativo. Seguem o mesmo quanto a competência, forma e finalidade, pois esses requisitos são vinculados (previstos em lei), tanto para atos discricionários, quanto para atos vinculados.

CETRO (2013):

QUESTÃO CERTA: A discricionariedade não alcança todos os elementos do ato administrativo, pois em relação à competência, à forma e à finalidade do ato a autoridade está subordinada ao que a lei impõe.

CETRO (2013):

QUESTÃO CERTA: A discricionariedade não dispensa a lei, nem se exerce sem ela, senão com observância e sujeição a ela.

CEBRASPE (2021):

QUESTÃO ERRADA: a discricionariedade para prática de determinado ato administrativo pode decorrer de disposição expressa ou de omissão de Norma legal.

A Administração Pública é proibida de fazer aquilo sobre o qual a lei nada diz.

CETRO (2013):

QUESTÃO CERTA: No ato discricionário alguns elementos vêm definidos na lei, com precisão, e outros são deixados à decisão da Administração, com maior ou menor liberdade de apreciação da oportunidade e conveniência.

CEBRASPE (2021):

QUESTÃO ERRADA: Ato administrativo discricionário publicado pelo Poder Executivo de um estado poderá ser objeto de ação judicial, sendo vedado ao Poder Judiciário apreciar os motivos da elaboração desse ato.

Errado, pela Teoria dos Motivos Determinantes, compete ao Poder Judiciário apreciar os motivos da elaboração do ato. O que não pode é apreciar a motivação a ponto de trocá-la.

VUNESP (2023):

QUESTÃO CERTA: Tendo em vista as situações apresentadas a seguir, assinale a alternativa em que há discricionariedade do agente público.

A) Concessão de benefício de aposentadoria por idade. 

B) Incidência de imposto sobre a propriedade predial e territorial urbana. 

C) Apresentar resposta a pedido formulado com base na Lei de Acesso à Informação, dentro do prazo legal de 20 dias.

D) Matricular criança de 5 anos na rede escolar. 

E) Avaliação de pedido de licença ambiental.

Licença administrativa: constitui ato vinculado;

Apresentar resposta: vinculado;

Admissão: trata-se de ato administrativo vinculado, uma vez que reconhece um direito subjetivo do destinatário. Logo, atendidos os requisitos, o destinatário do ato tem o direito de exigir a admissão, inexistindo juízo de conveniência e oportunidade.

FGV (2023):

QUESTÃO CERTA: Sociedade Sagaz solicitou determinado ato administrativo, cujo deferimento depende da margem de escolha conferida pelo ordenamento ao agente competente, ou seja, da conveniência e oportunidade na ponderação dos motivos e na escolha do objeto, mediante motivação por ele realizada.
O caso relatado trata de ato administrativo: discricionário.

Falou em conveniência e oportunidade, pode ir em discricionário.

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