Conforme Rogério Sanches.
A relação de causalidade encontra previsão, no nosso ordenamento jurídico, no artigo 13, caput, do Código Penal, que dispõe:
“O resultado, de que depende a existência do crime, somente é imputável a quem lhe deu causa. Considera-se causa a ação ou omissão sem a qual o resultado não teria ocorrido”.
Adotou-se, no caso, a teoria da equivalência dos antecedentes causais (teoria da equivalência das condições, teoria da condição simples, teoria da condição generalizadora ou da conditio sine qua non), atribuída a Maximilian von Buri e Stuart Mill, que a teriam desenvolvida no ano de 1837. Em resumo, para esta teoria, todo fato sem o qual o resultado não teria ocorrido é causa.
Exemplo: Pedro emprestou o revolver à Rodrigo que por sua vez, utilizando a arma, matou Júlio. Também cabe punir Pedro, já que se ele não o tivesse emprestado o revólver, Rodrigo não teria cometido o homicídio.
FCC (2015):
QUESTÃO CERTA: O Código Penal adota no seu art. 13 a teoria conditio sine qua non (condição sem a qual não). Por ela: tudo que contribui para o resultado é causa, não se distinguindo entre causa e condição ou concausa.
CEBRASPE (2004):
QUESTÃO CERTA: No que se refere à teoria da conditio sine qua non, julgue o item subsequente. Causa é toda circunstância anterior sem a qual o resultado ilícito não teria ocorrido.
CP, Relação de causalidade
Art. 13 – O resultado, de que depende a existência do crime, somente é imputável a quem lhe deu causa. Considera-se causa a ação ou omissão sem a qual o resultado não teria ocorrido.
CEBRASPE (2007):
QUESTÃO CERTA: Embora o CPM tenha se filiado à teoria da equivalência dos antecedentes causais (conditio sine qua non), consideram-se cabeça, nos crimes de autoria coletiva necessária, os oficiais ou inferiores que exercem função de oficial.
Conforme o art. 53, §4º “na prática de crime de autoria coletiva necessária, reputam-se cabeças os que dirigem, provocam, instigam ou executam a ação”, §5º “quando o crime é cometido por inferiores, e um ou mais oficiais, são estes considerados cabeças, assim como os inferiores que exercem função de oficial”.
O art. 53 do CPM define:
“Cabeças
4º Na prática de crime de autoria coletiva necessária, reputam-se cabeças os que dirigem, provocam, instigam ou excitam a ação.
5º Quando o crime é cometido por inferiores e um ou mais oficiais, são êstes considerados cabeças, assim como os inferiores que exercem função de oficial.”
Sendo que a definição do 4º não exclui a definição do 5º. Portanto, nos crimes de autoria coletiva necessária, se houver oficiais ou inferiores exercendo a função de oficial, estes serão considerados os cabeças.
FCC (2005):
QUESTÃO CERTA: Tendo em vista a teoria da equivalência dos antecedentes causais, ou da conditio sine qua non, considerando como causa toda ação ou omissão sem a qual o resultado não teria ocorrido, observe o que segue:
I. Carlos ferido gravemente por Pedro foi socorrido em hospital, mas veio a falecer em incêndio ocorrido, logo depois, nas dependências desse local.
II. Ana ferida levemente por José foi socorrida em hospital, onde veio a falecer por complicações de imprescindível cirurgia.
Nesses casos: exclui-se a imputação a Carlos, mas não se exclui a imputação a Ana.
1) Caso de Carlos: causa superveniente relativamente independente que por si só causou o resultado >> rompe nexo causal. Logo, Carlos responderá apenas pelos atos praticados (acredito que a exclusão da imputação que a alternativa fala seja relacionada ao resultado morte, foi o mais próximo que consegui chegar para considerar essa alternativa correta);
2) Caso de Ana: causa superveniente relativamente independente que não causou por si só o resultado (soma de energias) >> não rompe o nexo causal, o agente responde pelo resultado provocado.
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