O Que É Novação? (Conceito e Exemplos)

Por
Pedro Santos
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CEBRASPE (2019):

QUESTÃO CERTA: Tanto no caso de assunção de dívida quanto no caso de novação de dívida, enquanto a obrigação original não for totalmente adimplida, o devedor originário manterá sua responsabilidade com o credor e a obrigação permanecerá inalterada.

NOVAÇÃO.

Código Civil:

Art. 363. Se o novo devedor for insolvente, não tem o credor, que o aceitou, ação regressiva contra o primeiro, salvo se este obteve por má-fé a substituição.

Art. 360. Dá-se a novação: II – quando novo devedor sucede ao antigo, ficando este quite com o credor;

ASSUNÇÃO DE DÍVIDA

Código Civil:

Art. 299. É facultado a terceiro assumir a obrigação do devedor, com o consentimento expresso do credor, ficando exonerado o devedor primitivo, salvo se aquele, ao tempo da assunção, era insolvente e o credor o ignorava.

CONSUPLAN (2018):

QUESTÃO CERTA: Se o novo devedor for insolvente, não tem o credor, que o aceitou, ação regressiva contra o primeiro, salvo se este obteve por má-fé a substituição.

QUESTÃO CERTA: Considere que Sérgio, pai de Mauro, se reúna com o credor deste e ambos deliberem que a dívida de Mauro seja substituída por um débito de Sérgio. Nessa situação, configura-se a ocorrência de: novação.

Na questão, houve substituição de uma dívida de uma pessoa por outra dívida (objetiva) de outra pessoa (subjetiva), uma espécie de novação mista (objetiva + subjetiva).

A assunção de dívida também se aproxima bastante de uma das modalidades de novação, que é a novação subjetiva por substituição do devedor. Em ambas as situações ocorre a substituição do primitivo devedor por outra pessoa no dever de cumprir a prestação a que o credor tem direito. A distinção teórica entre os institutos consiste em que na novação subjetiva passiva a dívida anterior se extingue, para ser substituída pela subsequente; enquanto que na assunção de dívida é a mesma obrigação que subsiste, havendo mera alteração da pessoa do devedor. A consequência primordial resultante dessa distinção, é que na novação, desaparecendo a dívida anterior, perecem as garantias e acessórios do crédito assim novado.

Fonte: http://www.egov.ufsc.br/portal/conteudo/assun%C3%A7%C3%A3o-da-d%C3%ADvida.

CEBRASPE (2018):

QUESTÃO CERTA: Uma obrigação foi extinta em virtude da constituição de uma nova obrigação — com novo devedor — que ocupou o lugar da primeira. Nesse caso: a nova obrigação representará renúncia à sua invocação se estiver prescrito o débito primitivo.

Novação significa a criação de uma nova obrigação com o intuito de solver outra.

São requisitos da novação:

a) Existência de uma dívida anterior: esta dívida não pode estar prescrita ou ser nula;

b) Criação de uma nova obrigação: a nova obrigação deve ser válida, sob pena de ressurgimento da anterior;

c) Elemento novo: deve existir algum ponto de diferença entre as relações, como o valor principal, o bem a ser entrgue, etc.;

d) Animus novandi: é o ânimo de novar, sem ele não ocorrerá o efeito extintivo da novação;

e) Legitimidade e capacidade:  as partes devem ter capacidade negocial e livre disposição dos bens envolvidos.

Por tudo isso, de acordo com a alternativa b, a nova obrigação representará renúncia a sua invocação se estiver prescrito o débito primitivo, isto porque a novação será inválida diante da ausência de um dos seus requisitos.

CEBRASPE (2017):

QUESTÃO CERTA: João deve determinada quantia a Carlos, o qual deve igual valor a Pedro. Feito acordo entre os três, João deverá pagar a referida quantia diretamente a Pedro, o que retira Carlos da relação obrigacional. O instituto utilizado pelas partes para adimplemento da obrigação nessa situação hipotética denomina-se: novação.

CEBRASPE (2016):

QUESTÃO CERTA: Carlos se obrigou a entregar a Roberto um automóvel fabricado em 1970, mas, diante da dificuldade de adimplemento, ficou acordada a substituição da obrigação pela entrega de um veículo zero km fabricado no corrente ano. Nessa situação hipotética, de acordo com o Código Civil, ocorreu uma: novação.

CEBRASPE (2008):

QUESTÃO ERRADA: Quando o devedor contrai com o credor nova obrigação, visando extinguir e substituir a anterior, ainda que a obrigação seja nula, prescrita ou extinta, verifica-se a novação. Da mesma forma, verifica-se novação se surgir novo devedor, sucessor do anterior, hipótese em que este fica desobrigado, transmitindo ao novo devedor a obrigação pela qual, até então, era o responsável.

Código Civil

Art. 367. Salvo as obrigações simplesmente anuláveis, não podem ser objeto de novação obrigações nulas ou extintas.

QUESTÃO ERRADA: As obrigações anuláveis não podem ser objeto de novação.

CC: Art. 367. Salvo as obrigações simplesmente anuláveis, não podem ser objeto de novação obrigações nulas ou extintas.

QUESTÃO ERRADA: Caracteriza-se como novação o acordo firmado entre credor e devedor para incluir termo aditivo contratual, pactuando o pagamento da dívida em atraso em parcelas periódicas ou prorrogando o prazo para quitar o débito originário.

CEBRASPE (2004):

QUESTÃO ERRADA: Havendo novação entre credor e um dos devedores solidários, por esse ato, os demais devedores respondem, permanecendo, assim, a solidariedade, e sobre os bens de todos remanescem todas as garantias do crédito novado.

CC, Art. 365. Operada a novação entre o credor e um dos devedores solidários, somente sobre os bens do que contrair a nova obrigação subsistem as preferências e garantias do crédito novado. Os outros devedores solidários ficam por esse fato exonerados.

Complementando:

Os demais devedores ficam exonerados, pois não anuíram à nova obrigação.

Com novação, cria-se uma nova obrigação para substituir e extinguir a anterior.

Não esquecer das espécies de novação!

CC:

Art. 360. Dá-se a novação:

I – quando o devedor contrai com o credor nova dívida para extinguir e substituir a anterior;

II – quando novo devedor sucede ao antigo, ficando este quite com o credor;

III – quando, em virtude de obrigação nova, outro credor é substituído ao antigo, ficando o devedor quite com este.

VUNESP (2016):

QUESTÃO ERRADA: A prorrogação do prazo de vencimento da dívida é hipótese de novação.

C.C.: Art. 360. Dá-se a novação:

I – quando o devedor contrai com o credor nova dívida para extinguir e substituir a anterior;

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II – quando novo devedor sucede ao antigo, ficando este quite com o credor;

III – quando, em virtude de obrigação nova, outro credor é substituído ao antigo, ficando o devedor quite com este.

CEBRASPE (2013):

QUESTÃO CERTA: João assinou nota promissória em garantia a empréstimo tomado de Carlos, no valor de R$ 5.000,00. Não tendo conseguido pagar a dívida no prazo acordado, João solicitou a sua irmã, Cláudia, que assinasse nova nota promissória, comprometendo-se a realizar o pagamento do débito em sessenta dias. Carlos concordou com o negócio e o título assinado por João foi inutilizado. Nessa situação, houve: novação.

Como se observa na questão, havia uma dívida entre João (devedor) e Carlos (credor), materializada em uma nota promissória. Esta nota promissória foi inutilizada, sendo feita uma nova nota promissória, tendo agora Cláudia como devedora. Portanto, ocorreu uma novação subjetiva passiva por delegação (alteração do devedor primitivo com o seu consentimento), pois houve a criação de nova obrigação, extinguindo-se a anterior.

Não ocorreu a assunção de dívida (cessão de débito), pois nesta ocorre a substituição do devedor, sem alteração na substância do vínculo obrigacional (no caso concreto houve a alteração da nota promissória).

Também não ocorreu cessão de crédito, pois neste caso o credor da obrigação (Carlos) transferiria a outra pessoa (cessionário), sua qualidade de credor na relação obrigacional (o que não ocorreu na questão).

Não ocorreu a imputação ao pagamento, pois nesta uma pessoa obrigada por dois ou mais débitos da mesma natureza, a um só credor, tem a faculdade de escolher qual deles oferece em pagamento, se todos forem líquidos e vencidos.

Também não ocorreu o pagamento com sub-rogação (pessoal), uma vez que neste ocorre a substituição dos direitos creditórios, daquele que solveu a obrigação de outrem. Em outras palavras: é a transferência da qualidade de credor para aquele que pagou a obrigação alheia.

QUESTÃO CERTA: Em regra, havendo novação, as garantias da dívida não são conservadas.

CERTO: Art. 364. A novação extingue os acessórios e garantias da dívida, sempre que não houver estipulação em contrário. Não aproveitará, contudo, ao credor ressalvar o penhor, a hipoteca ou a anticrese, se os bens dados em garantia pertencerem a terceiro que não foi parte na novação.

FUMARC (2012):

QUESTÃO CERTA: A novação por substituição do devedor pode ser efetuada independentemente de consentimento deste.

Art. 362, CC.A novação por substituição do devedor pode ser efetuada independentemente de consentimento deste.

FUMARC (2012):

QUESTÃO ERRADA: Não podem ser objeto de novação obrigações anuláveis, nulas ou extintas.

Art. 367, CC. Salvo as obrigações simplesmente anuláveis, não podem ser objeto de novação obrigações nulas ou extintas.

FUMARC (2012):

QUESTÃO ERRADA: Quanto à novação, de acordo com o Código Civil Brasileiro, é correto o que se afirma em: Opera-se quando o devedor contrai com o credor nova dívida sem substituir a anterior.

Art. 360, CC. Dá-se a novação:
I – quando o devedor contrai com o credor nova dívida para extinguir e substituir a anterior;
II – quando novo devedor sucede ao antigo, ficando este quite com o credor;
III – quando, em virtude de obrigação nova, outro credor é substituído ao antigo, ficando o devedor quite com este.

FUMARC (2012):

QUESTÃO ERRADA: Se o novo devedor for insolvente, não tem o credor, que o aceitou, ação regressiva contra o primeiro, independentemente se este obteve por má-fé a substituição.

Art. 363, CC. Se o novo devedor for insolvente, não tem o credor, que o aceitou, ação regressiva contra o primeiro, salvo se este obteve por má-fé a substituição.

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