Se o (a) leitor (a) pesquisar no Caderno de Prova sobre a definição de amostragem ou tópicos relacionados à amostragem vai se espantar com a infinidade de explicações. Amostragem é você selecionar porção de uma totalidade de itens. A porção de itens extraída é chamada amostra e a totalidade deles é denominada população.
Entretanto, antes de efetuar a amostragem propriamente dita (seleção de parte dos itens), cabe efetuar outro procedimento específico. Feito esse procedimento específico e. na sequência, a extração de itens (amostragem), surge o que chamamos de amostragem por conglomerados. Como explica o pessoal da Universidade Federal do Paraná, o procedimento específico ao qual me refiro nada mais é do que efetuar pequenas etapas como as descritas a seguir:
Primeiro: a população é divida em conglomerados;
Segundo: seleciona-se uma amostra de conglomerados;
Terceiro: são observados todos os elementos dos conglomerados selecionados;
Observe uma questão da CEBRASPE / CESPE em que a banca examinadora cobrou esse assunto:
QUESTÃO CERTA: A amostragem por conglomerado é realizada quando a população a ser pesquisada é subdividida em regiões homogêneas quanto às características a serem observadas ou testadas.
Você pode, por exemplo, separar eleitores por domicílio. Trabalhadores por empresas. Ou até alunos por escolas.
Cabe, porém, a seguinte pergunta: qual a diferença entre amostragem estratificada e amostragem por conglomerado?
Analisando a questão acima, alguns poderiam coçar a cabeça e pensar algo como “mas Daniel, a definição acima não se trata de amostragem por estratificação?”
Na amostragem por conglomerados “selecionamos aleatoriamente um conjunto de conglomerados e a amostra é constituída por todos os elementos dos conglomerados selecionados”.
E também, “neste tipo de amostragem ao invés de selecionar elementos seleciona-se um grupo (famílias, organizações e quarteirões) ou seja, a unidade a ser sorteada inicialmente é um conglomerado o qual é formado por elementos (pessoas). De cada um desses conglomerados observa-se todos os seus elementos”.
Na amostragem estratificada, separamos toda a população (ou grupo) em estratos (subgrupos) e, na sequência pegamos, por exemplo, 1 elemento (a quantidade é só exemplo) de cada estrato. Na amostragem por conglomerados, pegamos um conglomerado inteiro.
Resumo: na amostragem por conglomerados, dividimos a população em conglomerados e selecionamos uma amostra de conglomerados. Na amostragem por estratificação selecionamentos elementos.
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