O Que É PIB A Preço de Mercado? Como Calcular?

Por
Rebeca Monteiro
-
1674
17776

QUESTÃO CERTA: A Tabela seguinte descreve os valores correntes das atividades e dos componentes da demanda no Brasil (em R$ bilhões), referentes ao ano de 2015, de acordo com o Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE):

Especificação Valores correntes (em R$ bilhões)
Valor adicionado na agropecuária 264
Valor adicionado na indústria 1.149
Valor adicionado no setor de serviços 3.642
Impostos sobre produtos 849
Despesa de consumo das famílias 3.742
Despesa de consumo do governo 1.192
Formação bruta de capital fixo 1.073
Exportações de bens e serviços 770
Importações de bens e serviços 846
Variação de estoques -27

De acordo com os dados discriminados na Tabela, o valor do Produto Interno Bruto (PIB) a preços de mercado no Brasil, em 2015, foi, em bilhões de reais, de: 5.904.

Pela ótica da despesa:

Y – ∆E = C + I + G + (X – M)

Y – (-27) = 3.742 + 1.073 + 1.192 + (770 – 846)

Y = 5.904

Pela ótica da produção:

VBPcf – insumos e matérias primas = PIBcf.

Temos o valor adicionado de cada setor, que já é resolução da expressão {VPB – insumos e matérias primas}. Mas está a custo de fatores. Então, tem que adicionar os impostos indiretos e retirar os subsídios.

PIBpm = 1.149 + 3.642 + 264 + 849 = 5.904

Ou podemos simplesmente: Y = C + I + G + X -M

Sendo que I = FBKF – Delta E

Y = 3742 + (1073 – 27) + 1192 + 770 – 846

y = 5.904

Parte superior do formulário

QUESTÃO CERTA: Considere as seguintes informações sobre as contas nacionais de um país em determinado ano. (Valores em milhões de unidades monetárias)

O Produto Interno Bruto dessa economia a preços de mercado corresponderá, nesse ano, em milhões de unidades monetárias, a: 1080.

Parte superior do formulário

PNL pm= PNLcf +Imp.ind. – Subs
PNLpm=950+180-20
PNLpm=1 110

PNLpm=PNBpm – Dep.
PNBpm= PNLpm+ Dep.
PNBpm= 1 110 + 70
PNBpm= 1 180

PNBpm = PIBpm + RLRE  (ou PNBpm = PIBpm – RLEE)
PIBpm= PNBpm – RLRE
PIBpm= 1 180 – 100
PIBpm= 1 080

QUESTÃO CERTA: No sistema de contas nacionais, o produto interno bruto a preço de mercado é igual à despesa interna bruta.

PIBpm = DIBpm = C + I + G + (X – M)

PRODUTO = RENDA = DESPESA (3 óticas diferentes para se medir o PIB)

QUESTÃO CERTA: Tabela 5A3-I

Uma economia apresentou os seguintes dados em determinado ano, mostrados na tabela a seguir, em unidades monetárias (u.m.).

De acordo com a tabela 5A3-I, o produto interno bruto a preços de mercado da economia é, em u.m., igual a: 850.

I = FBKFIXO + Variação estoque – depreciação

I = 200 + 10 – 10 = 200

PIBcf = C + I + G + X – M

PIBcf = 500 + 200 + 100 + 50 – 20 = 830

PIBpm = PIBcf + Impostos Indiretos – Subsídios

PIBpb = 830 + 30 – 10 = 850

QUESTÃO ERRADA: Ao se somar o pagamento dos fatores de produção, como salários, juros, aluguéis etc., obtém-se o produto interno bruto a preços de mercado.

Ao somar o pagamento dos fatores de produção, como salário, juros, aluguéis etc., obtém-se o produto interno a custo de fatores.

Lembrando que ao fazermos o cálculo dessa forma, estaríamos nos utilizando da “ótica da Renda Agregada” e que o resultado será o mesmo, devido a identidade macroeconômica, independente de qual ótica usarmos (da renda agregada, do produto agregado ou da despesa agregada).

Portanto, PRODUTO AGREGADO (valor final da produção de bens e serviços) = RENDA AGREGADA (salário + juros + aluguéis + lucros) =DESPESA AGREGADA (consumo final de bens e serviços)

Se desejássemos obter o PIB a preços de mercado, deveríamos somar os impostos indiretos e reduzir os subsídios, ou seja:

PIB (preço de mercado) = PIB (custo de fatores) + Impostos Indiretos – Subsídios.

QUESTÃO ERRADA: As mudanças climáticas verificadas na região Norte influenciam diretamente o cálculo do PIB da região.

O PIB é o valor de mercado de todos os bens e serviços finais produzidos em um país em um dado período de tempo por residentes e não residentes.

– Valor de mercado = preço (p) x quantidade (q)

– Bem e serviço final = bem que já está apto para ser consumido (não entra bem para produção de outro bem: bens intermediários).

– País = entende-se como espaço geográfico delimitado (país, região, estado, município).

– Período de tempo = mensal, bimestral, semestral, anual.

Veja que mudanças climáticas não são bens e serviços finais, logo não influencia diretamente o cálculo do PIB da região.

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  1646. Консультация адвоката по уголовным делам – это начальный и крайне важный этап оказания юридической помощи лицам, привлечённым к уголовной ответственности, или желающим защитить свои интересы в уголовном процессе. Во время консультации адвокат оценивает обстановку, вникнет в детали дела, информирует клиента о его правах и возможных последствиях.

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  1648. Услуги уголовного адвоката включают в себя полный комплекс правовой поддержки лиц, столкнувшихся с уголовным судопроизводством. Начиная с момента возбуждения уголовного дела и заканчивая исполнением приговора, адвокат становится ключевой фигурой защиты прав и законных интересов подзащитного.

    В рамках своей деятельности адвокат оказывает следующие услуги:

    1. Консультирование по всем вопросам уголовного права.
    2. Сопровождение при допросах и следственных действиях.
    3. Сбор и представление доказательств, способствующих защите клиента.
    4. Составление процессуальных документов, жалоб и ходатайств.
    5. Прямое представление интересов обвиняемого или подозреваемого в суде всех инстанций.
    6. Оказание помощи в досудебном разрешении уголовного преследования.
    7. Подготовка и проведение защитной речи.
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  1649. Консультация адвоката по уголовным делам – это начальный и крайне важный этап оказания юридической помощи лицам, привлечённым к уголовной ответственности, или желающим защитить свои интересы в уголовном процессе. Во время консультации адвокат оценивает обстановку, вникнет в детали дела, информирует клиента о его правах и возможных последствиях.

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  1650. Адвокат по уголовным делам — это высококвалифицированный специалист в области юриспруденции, который оказывает профессиональную правовую помощь лицам, обвиняемым в совершении преступлений, или потерпевшим от них. Задача такого адвоката заключается в том, чтобы обеспечить справедливое, беспристрастное рассмотрение дела и защитить права и интересы своего клиента в процессе уголовного преследования.

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  1653. Pharmacology’s Role and Drug Development in Modern Society

    Pharmacology, the science of drugs and their effects on living systems, plays a pivotal role in modern society. With an ever-increasing burden of diseases and health conditions, the development of new medications is vital for improving healthcare outcomes and enhancing quality of life. This article explores the significance of pharmacology and the process of drug development in addressing contemporary health challenges.

    **Understanding Pharmacology:**
    Pharmacology encompasses a multidisciplinary approach, combining aspects of biology, chemistry, physiology, and pathology to study how drugs interact with biological systems. It delves into the mechanisms of action, therapeutic effects, and potential side effects of medications. By comprehensively understanding these factors, pharmacologists strive to develop safer and more effective drugs for treating various ailments.

    **Importance of Drug Development:**
    The development of new drugs is essential for combating both prevalent and emerging health threats. Chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disorders, cancer, diabetes, and respiratory ailments continue to impose a significant burden on global health. Moreover, the emergence of novel pathogens, antimicrobial resistance, and environmental factors further underscore the need for innovative pharmaceutical solutions.

    **Phases of Drug Development:**
    The journey from drug discovery to market availability is a complex and rigorous process comprising several distinct phases:

    1. **Drug Discovery:** Scientists identify potential drug candidates through various means, including screening natural compounds, designing molecules using computational methods, or repurposing existing drugs for new indications.

    2. **Preclinical Research:** Promising drug candidates undergo extensive laboratory testing to assess their safety, efficacy, and pharmacokinetic properties in cellular and animal models.

    3. **Clinical Trials:** Drug candidates that demonstrate favorable preclinical results advance to clinical trials, which consist of three sequential phases:
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  1654. Pharmacology’s Role and Drug Development in Modern Society

    Pharmacology, the science of drugs and their effects on living systems, plays a pivotal role in modern society. With an ever-increasing burden of diseases and health conditions, the development of new medications is vital for improving healthcare outcomes and enhancing quality of life. This article explores the significance of pharmacology and the process of drug development in addressing contemporary health challenges.

    **Understanding Pharmacology:**
    Pharmacology encompasses a multidisciplinary approach, combining aspects of biology, chemistry, physiology, and pathology to study how drugs interact with biological systems. It delves into the mechanisms of action, therapeutic effects, and potential side effects of medications. By comprehensively understanding these factors, pharmacologists strive to develop safer and more effective drugs for treating various ailments.

    **Importance of Drug Development:**
    The development of new drugs is essential for combating both prevalent and emerging health threats. Chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disorders, cancer, diabetes, and respiratory ailments continue to impose a significant burden on global health. Moreover, the emergence of novel pathogens, antimicrobial resistance, and environmental factors further underscore the need for innovative pharmaceutical solutions.

    **Phases of Drug Development:**
    The journey from drug discovery to market availability is a complex and rigorous process comprising several distinct phases:

    1. **Drug Discovery:** Scientists identify potential drug candidates through various means, including screening natural compounds, designing molecules using computational methods, or repurposing existing drugs for new indications.

    2. **Preclinical Research:** Promising drug candidates undergo extensive laboratory testing to assess their safety, efficacy, and pharmacokinetic properties in cellular and animal models.

    3. **Clinical Trials:** Drug candidates that demonstrate favorable preclinical results advance to clinical trials, which consist of three sequential phases:
    – **Phase I:** Involves testing the drug’s safety and dosage in a small group of healthy volunteers.
    – **Phase II:** Evaluates the drug’s efficacy and side effects in a larger group of individuals with the targeted disease or condition.
    – **Phase III:** Further assesses the drug’s safety and efficacy in a diverse population across multiple locations to establish its therapeutic benefits and risks.

    4. **Regulatory Approval:** Following successful completion of clinical trials, pharmaceutical companies submit comprehensive data to regulatory authorities such as the FDA in the United States or the EMA in Europe for approval to market the drug.

    5. **Post-Marketing Surveillance:** Even after approval, ongoing monitoring is crucial to detect any unforeseen adverse effects and ensure the drug’s continued safety and efficacy in real-world settings.

    **Challenges and Future Directions:**
    Despite significant advancements in pharmacology and drug development, several challenges persist. These include escalating research and development costs, regulatory hurdles, ethical considerations, and the increasing complexity of diseases. Additionally, disparities in access to medications and healthcare services remain a global concern.

    Looking ahead, emerging technologies such as precision medicine, gene editing, and artificial intelligence offer promising avenues for personalized therapies and targeted drug development. Collaborative efforts among researchers, clinicians, pharmaceutical companies, and policymakers are imperative to address these challenges and harness the full potential of pharmacology in improving global health outcomes.

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  1673. **На каком ухе мужчине носить сережку: Мифы и реальность**

    Сережки для мужчин стали неотъемлемой частью мужского стиля, выражением индивидуальности и модного высказывания. Однако, один из вечных вопросов, с которым сталкиваются мужчины, решившие украсить свои уши, — на каком ухе стоит носить серьгу? Некоторые считают, что существует определенное правило, указывающее на “правильное” ухо для сережки, в то время как другие считают, что это просто суеверие или модное трендовое правило, которое можно игнорировать. Давайте разберемся в этом вопросе.

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    В различных культурах и обществах ношение сережек у мужчин имеет различные символические значения. Например, в некоторых культурах серьга в левом ухе мужчины связывается с гомосексуальной ориентацией, в то время как серьга в правом ухе может быть воспринята как признак гетеросексуальности. Однако, в современном мире эти представления могут быть устаревшими и не иметь никакого значения.

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    Есть также утверждения о том, что выбор уха для серьги может зависеть от медицинских соображений. Например, некоторые люди предпочитают носить серьгу в ухе, находящемся дальше от места работы или занятий спортом, чтобы избежать травмирования уха.

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    Сегодня большинство людей склонны считать, что выбор уха для ношения серьги — это вопрос индивидуального предпочтения и стиля. Многие мужчины выбирают ухо для серьги исходя из внешнего вида и комфорта, а не из каких-либо социальных или культурных ожиданий. Носить серьгу на том ухе, который кажется вам более подходящим или удобным, является вполне обоснованным решением.

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    Вопрос о том, на каком ухе мужчине носить сережку, не имеет однозначного ответа. Это индивидуальный выбор, который зависит от личных предпочтений, стиля и удобства. Мифы о том, что серьга в определенном ухе может иметь определенное значение, скорее всего, утратили свою актуальность в современном обществе. Важно помнить, что самое главное — это быть уверенным в своем стиле и выражать себя так, как вам нравится, независимо от того, на каком ухе вы носите сережку.

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