Classificação das Lacunas do Direito

Por
Vinícius Silva
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597
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Classificação das lacunas segundo Maria Helena Diniz:

Lacuna normativa: há ausência de norma prevista para um determinado caso concreto.

Lacuna ontológica: há presença de norma para o caso concreto, mas que não tenha eficácia social. AUSÊNCIA DE EFICÁCIA SOCIAL.

Lacuna axiológica: há presença de norma para o caso concreto, mas cuja aplicação seja insatisfatória ou injusta. AUSÊNCIA DE JUSTIÇA.

Lacuna de conflito ou antinomia: choque de duas ou mais normas válidas, pendente de solução no caso concreto. 

QUESTÃO ERRADA: Por ser uma Constituição analítica, a CF não admite lacuna de nenhuma espécie.

INCORRETA. Em verdade a CF/1988 é realmente classificada como analítica (extensa/prolixa), pois veicula em seu texto uma gama matérias, todavia, o erro está em falar que ela não admite lacuna, já que é plenamente possível.

QUESTÃO ERRADA: São lacunas do direito: a normativa, a ontológica, a axiológica e a antinômica.

1º – não existe lacunas do direito: É necessário distinguir ‘lacunas da lei’ (FORMAL) e ‘lacunas do direito’ (MATERIAL) – para parte da doutrina, existem lacunas apenas na lei e não no Direito, pois neste haverá sempre uma solução para o caso concreto (não é pacífico na doutrina).


2º – antinomia não está inserida na classificação das lacunas: Antinomia x Lacuna: são opostos*. Lacuna – há ausência de lei; Antinomia – várias leis regulando o mesmo fato. Assim, para Maria Helena Diniz, são tipos de lacuna:1ª) normativa, quando se tiver ausência de norma sobre determinado caso; 2ª) ontológica, se houver norma, mas ela não corresponder aos fatos sociais, (por exemplo, o grande desenvolvimento das relações sociais e o progresso técnico acarretarem o ancilosamento da norma positiva); e 3ª) axiológica, no caso de ausência de norma justa, ou seja, quando existe um preceito normativo, mas, se for aplicado, sua solução será insatisfatória ou injusta.


*Todavia, já vi classificação onde antinomia também é chamada de lacuna: LACUNA = lacuna de omissão ou legal; ANTINOMIA = lacuna de conflito ou colisão.

Diniz (DINIZ, Maria Helena. As lacunas no direito, 2002, p. 95.) menciona que: “ante a consideração dinâmica do direito e a concepção multifária do sistema jurídico, que abrange um subsistema de normas, de fatos e de valores, (…) três são as principais espécies de lacunas: 1ª) normativa, quando se tiver ausência de norma sobre determinado caso; 2ª) ontológica, se houver norma, mas ela não corresponder aos fatos sociais, (por exemplo, o grande desenvolvimento das relações sociais e o progresso técnico acarretarem o ancilosamento da norma positiva); e 3ª) axiológica, no caso de ausência de norma justa, ou seja, quando existe um preceito normativo, mas, se for aplicado, sua solução será insatisfatória ou injusta”

QUESTÃO ERRADA: Ocorre lacuna ontológica na lei quando existe texto legal para a solução do caso concreto, mas esse texto contraria os princípios que regem a própria justiça.

INCORRETA. Há lacuna ontológica ocorre quando existe a norma, mas não tem eficácia social. A alternativa trouxe a definição de lacuna axiológica, a qual consiste em “presença de norma para o caso concreto, mas cuja aplicação seja insatisfatória ou injusta”, por isso a questão está errada.

Lacuna ontológica: presença de norma para o caso concreto, mas que não tenha eficácia social.

QUESTÃO CERTA: A lacuna ontológica pressupõe a existência de norma para regular o caso concreto, sem, entretanto, eficácia social.

QUESTÃO CERTA: Conforme entendimento doutrinário acerca da interpretação do texto constitucional, é possível afirmar que na lacuna axiológica: há uma solução normativa formal para o problema, mas o intérprete a tem como insatisfatória, porque percebe que a norma não levou em conta uma característica do caso que tem perante si, a qual, se levada em consideração, conduziria a outro desfecho.

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LACUNA AXIOLÓGICA: Ausência de norma justa, isto é, existe um preceito normativo, mas, se for aplicado, sua solução será insatisfatória ou injusta. 

LACUNA DE CONFLITO: Antinomia real que se apresenta no caso de duas normas contraditórias se excluírem reciprocamente, obrigando o órgão judicante a solucionar o caso sub judice, segundo os critérios de preenchimento de lacunas. Mas, para que se tenha presente essa antinomia é mister três elementos: incompatibilidade, indeclinabilidade e necessidade de decisão. Só haverá lacuna de conflito se, após a interpretação adequada das normas, a incompatibilidade entre elas perdurar (Klug; Ferraz Jr.). É denominada por Ziembinski de “lacuna lógica”. 

LACUNA INTENCIONAL: se dá parte do legislador houve o propósito de não mencionar particularizadamente certa matéria, por julgá-la inoportuna ou desinteressante no momento. 

LACUNA INVOLUNTÁRIA: quando independentemente da vontade do legiferante a omissão se deu.

LACUNA DE LEGE FERENDA: A lacuna do ponto de vista de um futuro direito mais perfeito. Também chamada lacuna político-jurídica, crítica ou imprópria, pois pode motivar o legislador a reformular o direito, por ser injusto ou por ter caído em desuso (Engisch).

LACUNA DE LEGE LATA: A lacuna no direito vigente, sendo por isso considerada autêntica (Zitelmann e Engisch).

LACUNA NORMATIVA: Ausência de norma que regule certo caso. 

LACUNA ONTOLÓGICA: Ausência de norma correspondente aos fatos sociais, em razão de o grande desenvolvimento das relações sociais e do progresso técnico terem acarretado o ancilosamento daquela norma. Trata-se da ausência de norma eficaz socialmente; Inadequação da ordem jurídica quanto ao “ser”

LACUNA ORIGINÁRIA: Aquela que já existe no nascimento da lei.

LACUNA POSTERIOR: Aquela que aparece posteriormente, ou em virtude de uma modificação nas situações de fato ou do sistema de valores pertinentes à ordem jurídica (Engisch). 

LACUNA TÉCNICA: Ausência pura e simples de uma regulamentação. Dá-se quando o legislador se omitir de ditar norma indispensável à aplicação de outra (Kelsen; Foriers; Conte). 

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